Cal. Civ. Code § 36-96.18
Civil action; enforcement by private parties.
Operative Text
A. An aggrieved person may commence a civil action in an appropriate United States district court or state court not later than two years after the occurrence or the termination of an alleged discriminatory housing practice, or the breach of a conciliation agreement entered into under this chapter, whichever occurs last, to obtain appropriate relief with respect to such discriminatory housing practice or breach. B. An aggrieved person may commence a civil action under § 36-96.18 A no later than 180 days after the conclusion of the administrative process with respect to a complaint or charge, or not later than two years after the occurrence or the termination of an alleged discriminatory housing practice, whichever is later. This subsection shall not apply to actions arising from a breach of a conciliation agreement. An aggrieved person may commence a civil action under this section whether or not a complaint has been filed under § 36-96.9 and without regard to the status of any such complaint. If the Board or a federal agency has obtained a conciliation agreement with the consent of an aggrieved person, no action may be filed under this section by such aggrieved person with respect to the alleged discriminatory housing practice which forms the basis for such complaint except for the purpose of enforcing the terms of such an agreement. C. In a civil action under subsection A, if the court or jury finds that a discriminatory housing practice has occurred or is about to occur, the court or jury may award to the plaintiff, as the prevailing party, compensatory and punitive damages, without limitation otherwise imposed by state law, and the court may award reasonable attorney's fees and costs, and subject to subsection D, may grant as relief, any permanent or temporary injunction, temporary restraining order, or other order, including an order enjoining the defendant from engaging in such practice or order such affirmative action as may be appropriate. D. Relief granted under subsection C shall not affect any contract, sale, encumbrance, or lease consummated before the granting of such relief and involving bona fide purchasers, encumbrancer or tenant, without actual notice of the filing of a complaint with the Board or civil action under this chapter. E. Upon timely application, the Attorney General may intervene in such civil action, if the Attorney General certifies that the case is of general public importance. Upon intervention, the Attorney General may obtain such relief as would be available to the private party under subsection C.
Va. Code § 36-96.18 establishes the right of individuals who believe they have experienced discriminatory housing practices to bring a civil lawsuit in either federal or Virginia state court. The filing window is generally two years from when the alleged discrimination occurred or ended, though a separate 180-day window applies after the conclusion of certain administrative proceedings. Courts or juries that find discrimination has occurred or is imminent may award compensatory and punitive damages, attorney's fees and costs, and injunctive or other equitable relief.
Plain English — not legal advice.
Va. Code § 36-96.18 means that property owners and managers who are found to have engaged in discriminatory housing practices can face civil liability that includes both compensatory and punitive damages, with no state-law cap limiting those amounts. Compliant operators maintain clear, consistently applied policies for tenant selection, lease terms, and housing services to reduce exposure to claims under this provision. Operators should also be aware that the Attorney General may intervene in civil actions certified as matters of general public importance, potentially broadening the scope of any proceeding.
General guidance for property managers — not legal advice for your specific situation. Consult an attorney for advice on your case.
Va. Code § 36-96.18 gives individuals who believe they have experienced discriminatory housing practices the right to file a civil lawsuit in federal or Virginia state court, generally within two years of the discriminatory act or its end. Filing an administrative complaint under § 36-96.9 is not a prerequisite to bringing a civil action, and the lawsuit may proceed regardless of the status of any pending complaint. Tenants exploring this provision may find it useful to consult a tenant-rights organization or legal aid office to understand how the filing deadlines and any prior administrative proceedings might interact with their situation.
General guidance for tenants — not legal advice for your specific situation. Consult a tenant-rights organization or attorney for advice on your case.
Generated October 22, 2026 — auto-generated, not yet human-reviewed. See /transparency for methodology.
Effective Timeline
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