Cal. Civ. Code § 962
Construction and Exclusiveness of Remedy
Operative Text
(a) The provisions of this act shall be construed liberally for the accomplishment of the purposes thereof, and any law inconsistent with any provisions hereof shall not apply. (b) Except as provided in subsection (c), nothing contained in this act shall be deemed to repeal or supersede any of the provisions of any existing or hereafter adopted municipal ordinance, municipal charter or of any law of this Commonwealth relating to discrimination because of race, color, familial status, religious creed, ancestry, age, sex, national origin or handicap or disability, but as to acts declared unlawful by section five of this act the procedure herein provided shall, when invoked, be exclusive and the final determination therein shall exclude any other action, civil or criminal, based on the same grievance of the complainant concerned. If the complainant institutes any action based on such grievance without resorting to the procedure provided in this act, such complainant may not subsequently resort to the procedure herein. In the event of a conflict between the interpretation of a provision of this act and the interpretation of a similar provision contained in any municipal ordinance, the interpretation of the provision in this act shall apply to such municipal ordinance. (c) (1) In cases involving a claim of discrimination, if a complainant invokes the procedures set forth in this act, that individual's right of action in the courts of the Commonwealth shall not be foreclosed. If within one (1) year after the filing of a complaint with the Commission, the Commission dismisses the complaint or has not entered into a conciliation agreement to which the complainant is a party, the Commission must so notify the complainant. On receipt of such a notice the complainant shall be able to bring an action in the courts of common pleas of the Commonwealth based on the right to freedom from discrimination granted by this act. (2) An action under this subsection shall be filed within two years after the date of notice from the Commission closing the complaint. Any complaint so filed shall be served on the Commission at the time the complaint is filed in court. The Commission shall notify the complainant of this requirement. (3) If the court finds that the respondent has engaged in or is engaging in an unlawful discriminatory practice charged in the complaint, the court shall enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful discriminatory practice and order affirmative action which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employes, granting of back pay, or any other legal or equitable relief as the court deems appropriate. Back pay liability shall not accrue from a date more than three years prior to the filing of a complaint charging violations of this act. (4) The court shall serve upon the Commission any final order issued in any action brought under this subsection. (c.1) Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (c) or any other provision of this act, nothing in this act shall be deemed to authorize imposition by the Commission of remedial quota relief in cases involving hiring or promoting of employes of the Commonwealth, its agencies or instrumentalities or employes of local governments and school districts in this Commonwealth. This subsection shall not, however, prohibit the voluntary adoption of an affirmative action plan designed to assure that all persons are accorded equality of opportunity in employment. (c.2) If, after a trial held pursuant to subsection (c), the court of common pleas finds that a defendant engaged in or is engaging in any unlawful discriminatory practice as defined in this act, the court may award attorney fees and costs to the prevailing plaintiff. (c.3) If, after a trial held pursuant to subsection (c), the court of common pleas finds that a defendant has not engaged in or is not engaging in any unlawful discriminatory practice as defined in this act, the court may award attorney fees and costs to the prevailing defendant if the defendant proves that the complaint was brought in bad faith. (d) Nothing in this act shall be construed to require any employer to hire any person with a job-related handicap or disability. (e) The time limits for filing under any complaint or other pleading under this act shall be subject to waiver, estoppel and equitable tolling. (f) Nothing in this act shall be constructed as superseding any provision of the act of October 15, 1980 (P.L.950, No.164), known as the "Commonwealth Attorneys Act." All court actions commenced by or against the Commission shall be subject to the provisions of that act.
Pennsylvania's Human Relations Act, at 43 P.S. § 962, establishes how the law interacts with other anti-discrimination rules and what remedies are available when a violation is found. The statute is to be read broadly in favor of eliminating discrimination, and it preserves local ordinances addressing race, color, familial status, religion, ancestry, age, sex, national origin, and disability — while making its own complaint procedure the exclusive path once invoked for the same grievance. A person who files a complaint with the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission and does not reach resolution within one year may receive notice and then bring a court action in common pleas within two years of that notice, where a court can order injunctions, back pay (limited to three years prior to filing), and other equitable relief, as well as attorney fees in appropriate circumstances.
Plain English — not legal advice.
Property owners and managers operating in Pennsylvania should be aware that 43 P.S. § 962 governs how anti-discrimination complaints proceed and what remedies courts and the Commission can impose. A compliant operator generally maintains practices consistent with both state law and any applicable local ordinances, understanding that the state's interpretive framework controls in the event of a conflict between state and municipal anti-discrimination provisions. When a complainant invokes the Commission's procedure, that process becomes the exclusive channel for that grievance — meaning a respondent may face either an administrative resolution or, if the Commission closes the complaint without resolution, a subsequent court action with potential back pay, injunctive relief, and attorney fee exposure.
General guidance for property managers — not legal advice for your specific situation. Consult an attorney for advice on your case.
Under 43 P.S. § 962, individuals who believe they have experienced unlawful housing discrimination in Pennsylvania have the option to file a complaint with the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission, but should understand that choosing this path generally makes it the exclusive remedy for that grievance. If the Commission dismisses the complaint or has not reached a conciliation agreement within one year, the Commission must notify the complainant, who then has two years from that notice to file a civil action in a court of common pleas. Tenants navigating this process may benefit from consulting a tenant-rights organization or legal aid provider familiar with the Commission's procedures and the court filing deadlines established by this provision.
General guidance for tenants — not legal advice for your specific situation. Consult a tenant-rights organization or attorney for advice on your case.
Generated October 10, 2026 — auto-generated, not yet human-reviewed. See /transparency for methodology.
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